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Joseph LaFlesche
Joseph LaFlesche, also known as ''E-sta-mah-za'' or Iron Eye (1822–1888),〔 was the last recognized head chief of the Omaha tribe of Native Americans who was selected according to the traditional tribal rituals. The head chief Big Elk had adopted LaFlesche as an adult into the Omaha and designated him in 1843 as his successor. LaFlesche was of Ponca and French Canadian ancestry; he became a chief in 1853, after Big Elk's death. An 1889 account contends that he had been the only chief of any European ancestry among the Omaha.〔
In 1854 LaFlesche was among the seven Omaha chiefs in the delegation who went to Washington, DC for final negotiations and signed the treaty with the United States by which they ceded most of the Omaha territory. About 1856, he led his people in relocating to the Omaha reservation in what is now northeastern Nebraska. LaFlesche served as principal chief until 1888. He led during the Omaha transition to the reservation and other major social changes.
==Early life and education==
Joseph LaFlesche, also called ''E-sta-mah-za'' (Iron Eye), was the son of Joseph LaFlesche, a French-Canadian fur trader,〔("Joseph La Flesche: Sketch of the Life of the Head Chief of the Omaha" ), first published in the (Bancroft, Nebraska) ''Journal''; reprinted in ''The Friend'', 1889, accessed 23 August 2011〕 and ''Waoowinchtcha'', his Ponca wife. (An 1889 account said she was related to Big Elk, chief of the Omaha.〔)
The younger LaFlesche accompanied his father from the age of 10 on trading trips. His father worked for the American Fur Company (AFC) with the many tribes: Ponca, Omaha, Iowa, Otoe, and Pawnee, living between the Platte and Nebraska rivers.〔 They spoke closely related Siouan languages. The father and son learned the Omaha-Ponca language from ''Waoowinnchtcha'', and the Omaha people.
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